The risk of all-cause mortality, including mortality due to CVD, is higher in individuals with CKD, making this disease a topic of priority in the effort to mitigate preventable death and disease. A majority of CKD patients have HTN, and between 20% and 40% of individuals with TIIDM will go on to develop CKD. Risk factors for the development of CKD include type II diabetes (TIIDM), hypertension (HTN), cardiovascular disease (CVD), a family history of CKD, obesity and metabolic acidosis or metabolic syndrome. This table was adapted from the 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Guideline. The glomerular filtration rate must be persistent for 3 or more months in order to classify the stage. Further research needs to be done in order to establish the biological plausibility and feasibility of a WFPB in individuals with diagnosed CKD. Although there may be benefits to adopting a WFPB diet, macronutrient and micronutrient content should be carefully considered and adjusted to avoid malnutrition in CKD patients.
While animal-based protein ingestion promotes an acidic environment, inflammation and renal hyperfiltration, study authors report plant-based protein can be alkaline-producing and anti-inflammatory and can contain renoprotective properties. There is increasing evidence that a whole food plant-based (WFPB) diet may offer benefits that slow the progression of CKD, decrease the incidence cardiovascular disease, decrease rates of diabetes and obesity, and reduce inflammation and cholesterol, which in turn can delay kidney failure and the initiation of dialysis. Novel approaches to ameliorating chronic kidney disease (CKD) are warranted as most patients are undiagnosed until they begin displaying symptoms of kidney failure.
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